The programmatic ad supply chain can be opaque, making it difficult for buy- and sell-side platforms to quantify how much money is being paid to vendors. Our new estimates on programmatic fees may shed some light for advertisers and publishers on how much share of all nonsocial programmatic display ad spending is going to fees.

In 2019, US retail search ad spend will increase 22.5% to $13.12 billion. Retail search spend is bolstered by Google Shopping ads and lower-funnel ads that are essential for driving ecommerce.

Digital's share of time spent is above 50% in China, US, UK, South Korea and Canada, but under 50% in France, Germany, Japan and India.